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综合与实践
【问题驱动】如何验证勾股定理及探究勾股数?
【活动操作】小明参照教材用44张全等的直角三角形纸片拼成如图所示的五边形ABEFGABEFG.
【探索新知】
(1)(1)从面积的角度思考,请用两种方法计算五边形ABEFGABEFG的面积,并写出得到等式a2+b2=c2a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}的过程.
(2)(2)如果满足等式a2+b2=c2a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}aabbcc是三个正整数,我们称aabbcc为勾股数.已知mmnn是正整数且m>nm \gt n,证明:2mn2mnm2n2m^{2}-n^{2}m2+n2m^{2}+n^{2}是勾股数.
【灵活运用】
(3)(3)在如图所示的五边形ABEFGABEFG中,若a=4a=4,b=8b=8,则空白部分的面积为______.
(4)(4)请写出任意一组含有8585的"勾股数":______.
(5)(5)小明在他找到的勾股数的表达式中,用2n2+4n+4(n2n^{2}+4n+4(n为任意正整数)表示勾股数中的最大的一个数,则另两个数的表达式是______、______.
知识点:勾股定理的证明章节:第1章 勾股定理 / 1.1 探索勾股定理

答案与解析

答案

(1)(1)如图所示:

方法一:S五边形ABEFG=S正方形ABDN+S正方形MDEF+SMFG+SANGS_{五边形ABEFG}=S_{正方形ABDN}+S_{正方形MDEF}+S_{\triangle MFG}+S_{\triangle ANG}
=b2+a2+12ab+12ab=b^{2}+a^{2}+\frac{1}{2}ab+\frac{1}{2}ab
=a2+b2+ab=a^{2}+b^{2}+ab
方法二:S五边形ABEFG=S正方形ACFG+SABC+SCEFS_{五边形ABEFG}=S_{正方形ACFG}+S_{\triangle ABC}+S_{\triangle CEF}
=c2+12ab+12ab=c^{2}+\frac{1}{2}ab+\frac{1}{2}ab
=c2+ab=c^{2}+ab
a2+b2+ab=c2+ab\therefore a^{2}+b^{2}+ab=c^{2}+ab
a2+b2=c2\therefore a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}
(2)(2)证明:(2mn)2=4m2n2\because \left(2mn\right)^{2}=4m^{2}n^{2}(m2n2)2=m4+n42m2m2(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}=m^{4}+n^{4}-2m^{2}m^{2}
(2mn)2+(m2n2)2=4m2n2+m4+n42m2m2=(m2+n2)2\therefore \left(2mn\right)^{2}+(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}=4m^{2}n^{2}+m4+n^{4}-2m^{2}m^{2}=(m^{2}+n^{2})^{2}
m\because mnn是正整数且m>nm \gt n
2mn\therefore 2mnm2n2m^{2}-n^{2}m2+n2m^{2}+n^{2}都是正整数,
2mn\therefore 2mnm2n2m^{2}-n^{2}m2+n2m^{2}+n^{2}是勾股数;
(3)a=4(3)\because a=4b=8b=8
由(1)可知:S五边形ABEFG=a2+b2+ab=42+82+4×8=112S_{五边形ABEFG}=a^{2}+b^{2}+ab=4^{2}+8^{2}+4\times 8=112
SABC=12ab=12×4×8=16\because S_{\triangle ABC}=\frac{1}{2}ab=\frac{1}{2}\times 4\times 8=16
\therefore图中空白部分的面积为:1124×16=48112-4\times 16=48
故答案为:4848
(4)(4)不妨假设m2n2=85m^{2}-n^{2}=85mmnn是正整数且m>nm \gt n
(m+n)(mn)=85=1×85=5×17\therefore \left(m+n\right)\left(m-n\right)=85=1\times 85=5\times 17
①当{m+n=85mn=1\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m+n=85}\\{m-n=1}\end{array}\right.时,解得:{m=43n=42\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m=43}\\{n=42}\end{array}\right.
2mn=3612\therefore 2mn=3612m2+m2=3613m^{2}+m^{2}=3613
85\therefore 853612361236133613是一组勾股数;
②当{m+n=17mn=5\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m+n=17}\\{m-n=5}\end{array}\right.时,解得:{m=11n=6\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m=11}\\{n=6}\end{array}\right.
2mn=132\therefore 2mn=132m2+n2=157m^{2}+n^{2}=157
85\therefore 85132132157157是一组勾股数,
故答案为:8585361236123613(答案不唯一)3613(答案不唯一)
(5)(2n2+4n+4)2(5)(2n^{2}+4n+4)^{2}
=4n4+16n2+16+16n3+16n2+32n=4n^{4}+16n^{2}+16+16n^{3}+16n^{2}+32n
=(4n4+16n3+16n2)+(16n2+32n+16)=(4n^{4}+16n^{3}+16n^{2})+(16n^{2}+32n+16)
=(2n2+4n)2+(4n+4)2=\left(2n2+4n\right)^{2}+\left(4n+4\right)^{2}
\therefore另两个表达式为:2n2+4n2n^{2}+4n4n+44n+4
故答案为:2n2+4n2n^{2}+4n4n+44n+4.

解析

(1)(1)如图所示:

方法一:S五边形ABEFG=S正方形ABDN+S正方形MDEF+SMFG+SANGS_{五边形ABEFG}=S_{正方形ABDN}+S_{正方形MDEF}+S_{\triangle MFG}+S_{\triangle ANG}
=b2+a2+12ab+12ab=b^{2}+a^{2}+\frac{1}{2}ab+\frac{1}{2}ab
=a2+b2+ab=a^{2}+b^{2}+ab
方法二:S五边形ABEFG=S正方形ACFG+SABC+SCEFS_{五边形ABEFG}=S_{正方形ACFG}+S_{\triangle ABC}+S_{\triangle CEF}
=c2+12ab+12ab=c^{2}+\frac{1}{2}ab+\frac{1}{2}ab
=c2+ab=c^{2}+ab
a2+b2+ab=c2+ab\therefore a^{2}+b^{2}+ab=c^{2}+ab
a2+b2=c2\therefore a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}
(2)(2)证明:(2mn)2=4m2n2\because \left(2mn\right)^{2}=4m^{2}n^{2}(m2n2)2=m4+n42m2m2(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}=m^{4}+n^{4}-2m^{2}m^{2}
(2mn)2+(m2n2)2=4m2n2+m4+n42m2m2=(m2+n2)2\therefore \left(2mn\right)^{2}+(m^{2}-n^{2})^{2}=4m^{2}n^{2}+m4+n^{4}-2m^{2}m^{2}=(m^{2}+n^{2})^{2}
m\because mnn是正整数且m>nm \gt n
2mn\therefore 2mnm2n2m^{2}-n^{2}m2+n2m^{2}+n^{2}都是正整数,
2mn\therefore 2mnm2n2m^{2}-n^{2}m2+n2m^{2}+n^{2}是勾股数;
(3)a=4(3)\because a=4b=8b=8
由(1)可知:S五边形ABEFG=a2+b2+ab=42+82+4×8=112S_{五边形ABEFG}=a^{2}+b^{2}+ab=4^{2}+8^{2}+4\times 8=112
SABC=12ab=12×4×8=16\because S_{\triangle ABC}=\frac{1}{2}ab=\frac{1}{2}\times 4\times 8=16
\therefore图中空白部分的面积为:1124×16=48112-4\times 16=48
故答案为:4848
(4)(4)不妨假设m2n2=85m^{2}-n^{2}=85mmnn是正整数且m>nm \gt n
(m+n)(mn)=85=1×85=5×17\therefore \left(m+n\right)\left(m-n\right)=85=1\times 85=5\times 17
①当{m+n=85mn=1\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m+n=85}\\{m-n=1}\end{array}\right.时,解得:{m=43n=42\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m=43}\\{n=42}\end{array}\right.
2mn=3612\therefore 2mn=3612m2+m2=3613m^{2}+m^{2}=3613
85\therefore 853612361236133613是一组勾股数;
②当{m+n=17mn=5\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m+n=17}\\{m-n=5}\end{array}\right.时,解得:{m=11n=6\left\{\begin{array}{l}{m=11}\\{n=6}\end{array}\right.
2mn=132\therefore 2mn=132m2+n2=157m^{2}+n^{2}=157
85\therefore 85132132157157是一组勾股数,
故答案为:8585361236123613(答案不唯一)3613(答案不唯一)
(5)(2n2+4n+4)2(5)(2n^{2}+4n+4)^{2}
=4n4+16n2+16+16n3+16n2+32n=4n^{4}+16n^{2}+16+16n^{3}+16n^{2}+32n
=(4n4+16n3+16n2)+(16n2+32n+16)=(4n^{4}+16n^{3}+16n^{2})+(16n^{2}+32n+16)
=(2n2+4n)2+(4n+4)2=\left(2n2+4n\right)^{2}+\left(4n+4\right)^{2}
\therefore另两个表达式为:2n2+4n2n^{2}+4n4n+44n+4
故答案为:2n2+4n2n^{2}+4n4n+44n+4.

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