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八年级数学填空题一般
题目
【例题讲解】因式分解:x31x^{3}-1.
x31\because x^{3}-1为三次二项式,若能因式分解,则可以分解成一个一次二项式和一个二次多项式的乘积.故我们可以猜想x31x^{3}-1可以分解成(x1)(x2+ax+b)\left(x-1\right)(x^{2}+ax+b),
展开等式右边得:x3+(a1)x2+(ba)xbx^{3}+\left(a-1\right)x^{2}+\left(b-a\right)x-b,
x31=x3+(a1)x2+(ba)xb\therefore x^{3}-1=x^{3}+\left(a-1\right)x^{2}+\left(b-a\right)x-b恒成立.
\therefore等式两边多项式的同类项的对应系数相等,即{a1=0ba=0b=1\left\{\begin{array}{l}a-1=0\\ b-a=0\\-b=-1\end{array}\right.,解得{a=1b=1\left\{\begin{array}{l}a=1\\ b=1\end{array}\right.,
x31=(x1)(x2+x+1)\therefore x^{3}-1=\left(x-1\right)(x^{2}+x+1).
【方法归纳】
设某一多项式的全部或部分系数为未知数,利用当两个多项式为恒等式时,同类项系数相等的原理确定这些系数,从而得到待求的值,这种方法叫待定系数法.
【学以致用】
(1)(1)x2mx12=(x+3)(x4)x^{2}-mx-12=\left(x+3\right)\left(x-4\right),则m=m=______;
(2)(2)x3+3x23x+kx^{3}+3x^{2}-3x+k有一个因式是x+1x+1,求kk的值及另一个因式;
(3)(3)若多项式x4+mx3+nx4x^{4}+mx^{3}+nx-4有因式x+1x+1x2x-2,求mmnn的值.
知识点:同类项、因式分解的意义、十字相乘法章节:第17章 因式分解 / 17.1 用提公因式法分解因式

答案与解析

答案

(1)x2mx12=(x+3)(x4)\left(1\right)\because x^{2}-mx-12=\left(x+3\right)\left(x-4\right)
x2x12=x2mx12\therefore x^{2}-x-12=x^{2}-mx-12
m=1\therefore m=1
故答案为:11
(2)(2)设多项式x3+3x23x+kx^{3}+3x^{2}-3x+k另一个因式为(x2+ax+b)(x^{2}+ax+b)
x3+3x23x+k=x3+(a+1)x2+(a+b)x+b\therefore x^{3}+3x^{2}-3x+k=x^{3}+\left(a+1\right)x^{2}+\left(a+b\right)x+b
a+b=3\therefore a+b=-3b=kb=ka+1=3a+1=3
b=5\therefore b=-5a=2a=2
k=5\therefore k=-5
则另一个因式为x2+2x5x^{2}+2x-5
(3)x4+mx3+nx4(3)\because x^{4}+mx^{3}+nx-4的次数为44
设多项式x4+mx3+nx4x^{4}+mx^{3}+nx-4
=(x+1)(x2)(ax2+bx+c)=\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
=(x2x2)(ax2+bx+c)=(x^{2}-x-2)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
x4\because x^{4}的系数为11
\therefore常数项为1414a=1a=1
2c=4\therefore -2c=-4
c=7\therefore c=7
(x2x2)(ax2+bx+c)\therefore (x^{2}-x-2)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
=(x2x2)(x2+bx+7)=(x^{2}-x-2)(x^{2}+bx+7)
=x4+(b1)x3+(5b)x2(7+2b)x14=x^{4}+\left(b-1\right)x^{3}+\left(5-b\right)x^{2}-\left(7+2b\right)x-14
\because原多项式不含有x2x^{2}项,
5b=0\therefore 5-b=0
b=5\therefore b=5
x4+(b1)x3+(5b)x2(7+2b)x14\therefore x^{4}+\left(b-1\right)x^{3}+\left(5-b\right)x^{2}-\left(7+2b\right)x-14
=x4+4x317x14=x^{4}+4x^{3}-17x-14
m=4\therefore m=4n=17n=-17.

解析

(1)x2mx12=(x+3)(x4)\left(1\right)\because x^{2}-mx-12=\left(x+3\right)\left(x-4\right)
x2x12=x2mx12\therefore x^{2}-x-12=x^{2}-mx-12
m=1\therefore m=1
故答案为:11
(2)(2)设多项式x3+3x23x+kx^{3}+3x^{2}-3x+k另一个因式为(x2+ax+b)(x^{2}+ax+b)
x3+3x23x+k=x3+(a+1)x2+(a+b)x+b\therefore x^{3}+3x^{2}-3x+k=x^{3}+\left(a+1\right)x^{2}+\left(a+b\right)x+b
a+b=3\therefore a+b=-3b=kb=ka+1=3a+1=3
b=5\therefore b=-5a=2a=2
k=5\therefore k=-5
则另一个因式为x2+2x5x^{2}+2x-5
(3)x4+mx3+nx4(3)\because x^{4}+mx^{3}+nx-4的次数为44
设多项式x4+mx3+nx4x^{4}+mx^{3}+nx-4
=(x+1)(x2)(ax2+bx+c)=\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
=(x2x2)(ax2+bx+c)=(x^{2}-x-2)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
x4\because x^{4}的系数为11
\therefore常数项为1414a=1a=1
2c=4\therefore -2c=-4
c=7\therefore c=7
(x2x2)(ax2+bx+c)\therefore (x^{2}-x-2)(ax^{2}+bx+c)
=(x2x2)(x2+bx+7)=(x^{2}-x-2)(x^{2}+bx+7)
=x4+(b1)x3+(5b)x2(7+2b)x14=x^{4}+\left(b-1\right)x^{3}+\left(5-b\right)x^{2}-\left(7+2b\right)x-14
\because原多项式不含有x2x^{2}项,
5b=0\therefore 5-b=0
b=5\therefore b=5
x4+(b1)x3+(5b)x2(7+2b)x14\therefore x^{4}+\left(b-1\right)x^{3}+\left(5-b\right)x^{2}-\left(7+2b\right)x-14
=x4+4x317x14=x^{4}+4x^{3}-17x-14
m=4\therefore m=4n=17n=-17.

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